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Multivariate data sets can often be arranged as a two-dimensional matrix, consisting of N samples (or stations) forming the columns, and the S variables (e.g. species or % chemical composition) forming the rows. This matrix or grid can hold either the observed abundance of each variable, an abundance score, or presence-absence information. Presence-absence data are just recorded as 1 if the species was found in the sample, and 0 if not. The most convenient way to store and organise these data is with the use of a spreadsheet program such as Excel. Most statistical and multivariate software can import data from these spreadsheets. If the objective is to search for species inter-relationships then the N column by S row matrix of species correlations or similarities may be formed, and what is termed an R analysis undertaken. If the objective is to identify samples with similar communities then the N column by S row matrix of sample correlations or similarities may be used in a Q analysis.
site 1 site 2 site 3 site 4 site 5 site 6 site 7 site 8 site 9 site 10 site 11 site 12 site 13 site 14 site 15 site 16 site 17 Achmil 1 3 0 0 2 2 2 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Agrsto 0 0 4 8 0 0 0 4 3 0 0 4 5 4 4 7 0 Airpra 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Alogen 0 2 7 2 0 0 0 5 3 0 0 8 5 0 0 4 0 Antodo 0 0 0 0 4 3 2 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Belper 0 3 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Brohor 0 4 0 3 2 0 2 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chealb 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Cirarv 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Elepal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 5 8 0 Elyrep 4 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Empnig 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hyprad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 Junart 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 Junbuf 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 4 0 0 4 3 0 0 0 0 Leoaut 0 5 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 5 2 2 2 2 0 2 Lolper 7 5 6 5 2 6 6 4 2 6 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 Plalan 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 Poapra 4 4 5 4 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 0 2 0 0 0 1 Poatri 2 7 6 5 6 4 5 4 5 4 0 4 9 0 0 2 0 Potpal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 Ranfla 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 0 Rumace 0 0 0 0 5 6 3 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 Sagpro 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 2 2 0 2 4 2 0 0 0 0 Salrep 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tripra 0 0 0 0 2 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trirep 0 5 2 1 2 5 2 2 3 6 3 3 2 6 1 0 0 Viclat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Brarut 0 0 2 2 2 6 2 2 2 2 4 4 0 0 4 4 0 Calcus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 3 0
Table 1: An example of biological data. This is part of the Dune meadow data used by Jongman et al. (1995). The scientific names of the species have been abbreviated.
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